Blanche and Stanley in a Streetcar Named Desire Essay

Blanche and Stanley, two characters of Tenessee Williams’ play A Streetcar Named Desire, represent two very conflicting personalities. Stanley, Blanche’s sister Stella’s aggressive husband, portrays strong tones of anger, rage, and frustration. However, although his behavior is without a doubt over-bearing and rough, in a way he displays realism and truth as well. On the other hand, the play’s true protagonist Blanche exerts enthusiasm, spunk, and elaborate nostalgia. These characteristics don’t really come out in a positive or attractive way, but instead verify her insanity near the play’s end. Together, Blanche and Stanley represent true inner conflict, each in their own way, and the tension among the two is an exciting and driving force to be reckoned with. Stanley exudes the stereotypical â€Å"wife beater† husband of the 1930s. Dressed almost always in the era’s staple guiney-tee, his rash actions and aggressive episodes towards his wife are frightening to say the least. On the surface, he seems to despise the fact that Blanche is always around, intruding on his and Stella’s life together. Multiple times throughout the play he throws a fit, destructing the kitchen table, bedroom, or whatever he can get his hands on. His crudeness towards Stella is arguably a portrayal of his self-deemed superiority over women. However, despite his awful rage and somewhat abusive actions, Stanley amazingly represents a good trait as well. His morals are all about honesty, truthfulness, and realism. He really clashes with Blanche so much because she is so fixated on the past, and it drives him towards ultimate frustration because he’s such a realist. Each time Blanche brings up a thing of her past, he fills with rage and goes off on one of his trademarked episodes. Therefore, on the surface Stanley’s rough personality definitely is a tough wall to see past, but his actions really come from his â€Å"honesty policy†, and his realism. With that said, Blanche’s personality is uniquely opposite than the hard, rough, â€Å"real life† Stanley. Blanche is a beautiful woman of her mid-thirties who basically is experiencing a mid-life crisis a bit too early. Her â€Å"perfect life† comes crashing down after losing her young husband, estate, and money. With this, she can’t seem to really accept much in her current life, but instead lives through the past. By living with her sister, Stella, she imposes intrusion without really realizing it on her and Stanley’s lives, and even though she could start over and create a life of her own, she can’t really let go and move on. She is even proposed by Stanley’s sensitive poker friend Mitch, but she refuses him. Mitch represented to me Blanche’s last glimmer of hope, and when she denies him in marriage, the rest is a downward spiral. As the play progresses from there on out, Blanche’s sanity slowly deteriorates more and more. It becomes evident that she has a drinking problem, and liquor becomes her go-to aid for all mental problems she begins to have. One scene I found interesting was when she asked a young suitor who comes to her house to deliver something for a kiss. I felt in kissing this younger man she was testing her charm and lust skills, which she obviously believes to be useless and rusty, for lack of a better word. When the young man leaves and she quickly becomes embarrassed, it is established that she just isn’t the young girl she used to be, and that she must move on to make the most of what she is left with in life.

Problems of Democracy in Pakistan Essay

After years of military dictatorships followed by sham democracy, the situation in Pakistan has reached such a point that the masses are yearning for radical change. Their suffering is immense as the people at the top continue to enrich themselves at the expensive of the workers and peasants, collaborating with imperialism as it rides rough-shod over the people of Pakistan. Everything is moving to an inevitable revolutionary explosion. Pakistan’s Supreme Court in its verdict of 16 December, 2009 declared the notorious NRO null and void ab initio. The National Reconciliation Ordinance of October 2007 was promulgated by the then President of Pakistan General Parvaiz Musharraf. It was the outcome of a deal he had struck with Benazir Bhutto, life Chairperson of the Pakistan People’s Party in a covert meeting in Abu Dhabi. The deal was brokered by the United States and Britain. The aim was to create a new setup that could facilitate the imperialist war and other interests in this turbulent region. According to this ordinance all cases of politicians including corruption, murder, extortion, kidnappings and other heinous crimes would be withdrawn. Some of the major beneficiaries are now in power including Benazir’s widower Zardari, now the President of Pakistan and some of his most sinister ministers. The other main beneficiary is the Muteheda Qaumi Movement, MQM, whose leader, an absconder resident in London for several years, and its other leading figures were facing charges of murder and other crimes. The MQM is a mafia-type organisation with neo-fascist tendencies and its main ideological baggage is based on ethnic conflict. The present democratic dispensation is the product of such a nefarious design. After Benazir’s assassination in December 2007 Musharraf’s fate was sealed. The plan B came into action and Zardari having a long standing relationship with US officials was catapulted into the presidency with his firm assurance that he would be more subservient to the Americans than Musharraf or Benazir could ever have been. The Electoral College for this election are comprised of members of the National and provincial assemblies who were elected in the February 2008 elections, the results of which were tailor-made in Washington to serve the imperialist strategies. Ironically this unanimity, or â€Å"reconciliation†, between all the parties in Parliament was prompted by a collective fear on the part of these representatives of the ruling class in the wake of the beginnings of a mass movement that they witnessed on the arrival of Benazir from exile in Karachi on October 18, 2007 and later after the explosion of the wrath of the workers, peasants and youth at the news of her assassination on December 27, 2007. After a long period of suffering, the oppressed in Pakistan had risen up in the hope that the leader of their traditional party, the PPP under Benazir Bhutto, would be a beacon of change and free them from the unrelenting misery and distress. The Americans had already done their homework with the PPP leaders, who mainly come from the moneyed classes, to divert this outburst into a democratic election and facade of â€Å"democracy†. These leaders drowned the mass anger and revolt in sorrow and despair. They refused to call for a general strike for the elections to be held on the scheduled date of January 8, 2008 and blocked the movement. This gave an opportunity to the Pakistani state and its imperialist masters to regroup their forces and stave off the threat of a revolutionary upheaval. The Military in Pakistan has ruled directly for more than half of the country’s 62 years of chequered history. All the military regimes were supported and propped up by US imperialism. During the â€Å"democratic† intermissions the plight of the masses continued to deteriorate. After the first decade (1947-58) of democratic regimes, such was the crisis that when Martial Law was imposed by Field Martial Ayub Khan there was even a sense of relief amongst several sections of society. Ayub Khan had the impertinence to say in one of his initial statements â€Å"we must understand that democracy cannot work in a hot climate. To have democracy we must have a cold climate like Britain. † General Ayub told the first meeting of his cabinet, â€Å"As far as you are concerned there is only one embassy that matters in this country: the American Embassy. † The Ayub dictatorship embarked upon an ambitious economic, agrarian and industrial programme in the 1960s, mainly sponsored by â€Å"US Aid† and the World Bank. Although Pakistan achieved its highest growth rates under Ayub, Keynesian economic policies failed to improve the lot of the masses. The aggravated social contradictions exploded into the revolution of 1968-69 that was fundamentally of a socialist character. See Pakistan’s Other Story-The 1968-69 Revolution]. The failure of the existing left leadership to give a clear revolutionary programme and perspective to the movement resulted in the rise of the Populism of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. Due to the absence of a Bolshevik-Leninist revolutionary party the revolution was lost. But it did shake the whole of South Asia. The ruling classes initially tried to impose Martial Law again. However, its failure to curb the tide resulted in the first elections based on the adult franchise in 1970 where the PPP became the largest party in West Pakistan. Having failed to curtail the revolutionary wave that pierced through the ballot, ultimately the ruling classes resorted to a war with India, which led to the break-up of Pakistan and then Bhutto was given power who, forced by the pressure of the masses, initiated radical reforms from above, but only to exhaust the revolution brewing below. Bhutto’s elected left reformist government was subsequently overthrown by a military coup led by General Zia ul Haq in July 1977, who later hanged Bhutto at the behest of US imperialism. The eleven-year brutal dictatorship of Zia was perhaps the most traumatic period for the working masses in Pakistan. In connivance with the Americans, Zia propped up and unleashed the beast of Islamic fundamentalism to crush the left. The continuance of that grotesque monstrosity is what produced the present day fundamentalist terror that is ripping apart the social fabric of Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Zia Dictatorship began to crumble after another upheaval on the return from exile of Bhutto’s daughter Benazir in April 1986. The contradictions in the already weakened dictatorship were thus sharpened. General Zia’s plane was conveniently blown up in mid air in August 1988 – some have speculated that this may have been done at the request of the Americans, whom the megalomaniac and insane general had begun to â€Å"disobey† seeking his own personal agenda. From 1988 to 1999 there was another democratic interlude, where Benazir and Nawaz Sharif alternated in short stints of rulerships. This period was marred by an orgy of corruption, incompetence, spiralling economic decline and chaos. General Musharraf took power in a bloodless coup by overthrowing Sharif. Musharraf then introduced a â€Å"quasi-democracy† in 2002 but the 9/11 episode in the USA once again made another dictator another main American collaborator. This time the facade was not against communists but we had the so-called â€Å"war against terror†. Musharraf’s demise and the regime that ensued once again brought unprecedented agony and pain for the people of Pakistan. History has turned full circle. This vicious cycle of Pakistan’s political superstructure – dictatorship to democracy and back to dictatorship – has brought no respite to society. Only the suffering has intensified. In reality this is a reflection of the ongoing social and economic crisis built into the foundations of this tragic country. The Pakistani ruling class after its independence from direct British rule came onto the scene of history too late and with this came an inability to develop the economy. It was a weak class even at its inception. It could not produce enough surpluses for its profits and capital needed to tap the resources of the country and carry out its historical role of the national revolution that its pioneers had envisaged. It adjusted itself accordingly, and its survival depended on the one hand by being subservient to imperialism and on the other allying itself and compromising with the landed aristocracy created under the Raj. The founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, as early as November 1947, less than three months after the formation of Pakistan, had sent his emissary to Washington asking for a $2bn loan. The response he got was a mere $10million of loose change. The failure of Pakistan’s ruling elite is evident 62 years later. None of the national democratic tasks have been completed. Several agrarian reforms have failed to abolish feudalism. Pakistan came into existence not as a nation but as a state comprising different nationalities. National oppression continues and the national question has become a festering wound on the body politic of this country. The task of the formation of a modern nation state is far from being achieved and will in fact further deteriorate with the impending crisis. This state of incompleteness of the tasks has wrought havoc on the social and economic life of Pakistani society. The social and political infrastructure is in a state of collapse. â€Å"National sovereignty† is a farce and hardly anybody believes in the state’s independence. Imperialist intervention and domination is on a greater scale today than it was in 1947, the year of Pakistan’s creation. Except for a few years under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, all the finance ministers have been employees of the World Bank or other imperialist financial institutions. Now the US is even trying to control sections of Pakistan’s armed forces and intruding its military corporate contractors to take over â€Å"security† in several vital parts of the country. These include former Blackwater now XE securities, DynCorp and others. An embittered general described the strategic relationship as Americans using Pakistan as a â€Å"condom†. The conflicts within the army are also the result of this aggressive hegemony being thrust into the Military’s domain. This is already giving rise to bloody conflicts among different agencies and sections of the armed forces representing black money and other sections of finance capital. This conflict is being waged covertly at the present time. But if a desperate imperialism faces an impending defeat in Afghanistan and tries a partial US occupation of NWFP (Pushtoonkhwa), it could even trigger a severe crisis in the army already under strain from carrying out the CENTCOM instructions on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. The fallout could have catastrophic consequences. Similarly the severe crisis of Pakistani capitalism has failed to develop a parliamentary democracy. The Pakistani ruling class, in the wake of its economic failures turned to plunder of the state at an early stage. They pay less than 10% of total taxation revenues. The real burden falls on the working class who are forced to pay more than 80% of the revenues through indirect taxation. The capitalist class steals electricity and gas, while billions of dollars of bank loans have been written off. According to the figures presented before the Supreme Court of Pakistan, a small section of these leeches’ annual corruption exceeds Rs. 500 billion (US$6. 2bn). Most of this money is stashed away in western banking havens. As this process started to become more and more evident, the army, the most powerful instrument of the state, started to become part of this evil nexus of plunderers and usurpers. The drug-funded and US/Saudi sponsored Afghan Jihad brought even greater loot to the coffers of the generals. Other institutions of the state and society including the judiciary, the bureaucracy and the media joined in this orgy of corruption. Hence, whenever there was a political crisis (conflict of the civilian plunderers) the military moved in to quell the rot. The dictatorships bred more corruption and as they began to lose their grip democracy was introduced – the main reason being the growing danger of a mass revolt that is provoked by these repressive regimes. Although even a bourgeois democracy is a progressive step forward as compared to military dictatorships, the exploitative system that the military rulers intervene to salvage remains intact. In Pakistan this crisis-ridden system again creates a political instability that reflects the burning economic turmoil. The army and state are not a class, but in the last analysis the economic and social conditions determine the nature of the regime that is needed by the ruling class to preserve the system of exploitation of labour. Comrade Ted Grant elaborated on this in 1949 â€Å"The state by its very nature is composed of a bureaucracy, officers, generals, heads of police etc. But those do not constitute a class; they are the instrument of a class even if they may be in antagonism to that class. They cannot themselves be a class. † (The unbroken thread, pp. 235). In Pakistan the irony is that time and again the masses have risen up against the dictatorship, fundamentally to overthrow the yoke of exploitation and misery inflicted upon them by this vicious system of class rule. When they were allowed even to make half a choice through the ballot-box they propelled the PPP to power. Yet their hopes have been dashed time and again by the PPP in government in the short span of less than 40 years. The toiling masses have been loyal to their tradition for generations. The ruling class only allowed the PPP into the corridors of power to dissipate the mass upsurge. Above all the ruling class, the state and the imperialists have used the capitulating leaders of the PPP to carry through cuts, privatisations and other drastic anti-working class measures. They could not have achieved so much with the right-wing governments of Sharif, etc. , but even under the dictatorships they combined caution with repression. However, at least in the 1970s the PPP government did carry through some reforms for the betterment of the impoverished masses. In the later PPP governments since 1988 such was the crisis of Pakistani capitalism that there was no room for even minimal reforms.

A lesson in opportunity

â€Å"Nature’s bequest gives nothing, but doth lend; And, being frank, she lends to those are free†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦The pencil in my left hand scratches Shakespeare’s fourth sonnet laboriously across the notebook paper lying on my father’s desk as the dreary rain patters lightly on the screen door to my left. Somehow, the rain gives solace to my melancholy: as the weather cycles emulate the constant changes in the world around me, they remind me that the only constant is change itself. However cliche and ambiguous an idea that is, it is comforting to know that there is some order in this forever-changing world, that the water in an ocean thousands of miles away will continue to evaporate, condense, and fall on my North Texas rooftop, no matter what goes on in my slightly insignificant life. Why, you may be thinking, am I copying the sonnets of Shakespeare on this drab evening? Why this, instead of just reading them? Or why with my left hand, when I am in fact right-handed? I was in no adventurous accident, have broken no bones in my right hand, and no firearm is being held to my brunette head, despite what you may think would be necessary to get a 16-year-old girl to copy 500-year-old poems. Rewind a few hours. I’m sitting in the senior center of the hospital where I volunteer, highlighting admittance forms, pausing now and then to explain to a patient in slightly-too-loud tones that they missed this line, that they were supposed to sign here, laughing comfortingly and assuring them that â€Å"these forms are so complicated,† highlighting and wondering to myself why they are so complicated, and why exactly the patients have to sign the same forms every time they come in for an appointment? My right hand grows tired. I decide to use my left hand and decide that I would like to teach myself to write with my left hand. I’m grounded, after all, for the first time in my life†¦why not take advantage of this daunting week-long house-arrest? I come home, pick up the complete works of Shakespeare I got for five dollars at my favorite book-reseller last week, turn from the page of Romeo and Juliet that I was reading for the fourth or fifth time last night, and scavenge for a pencil. After three some-odd sonnets, I have yet to see any marked improvement, but remain confident that by the time I get to the 154th, at the end of my long week of nothing but work and volunteering, my left-handed writing with be somewhat decipherable. While my slightly insignificant life continues on in the (maybe a little eccentric) way I just described, the cosmos far beyond the dull-gray stratus clouds above continue their elaborate movements, their endless dance above and infinitely beyond the scope of our finite realm. In this finite realm, while at the bookstore the other day, in addition to Shakespeare’s complete works, I picked up Virgil’s Aeneid, Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, Voltaire’s Candide, Zadig and Other Short Stories, and my summer reading books for AP English IV. After making quick work of the latter (I’ll read them again before school starts), I moved on to the works of Francois Marie Arouet, i.e. Voltaire. My friends, co-workers, and especially my boyfriend Cameron (who learned to appreciate them after I elaborated on a few of Voltaire’s arguments), might make fun of me for it, but I really find this book fascinating! While eating lunch at the hospital cafeteria before m y shift today, I came to the short story â€Å"Micromegas.† This little gem is quite the story. It is the tale of a giant (don’t be fooled by the â€Å"micro† in his name, pay your regards to the suffix), native to one of the planets orbiting the star Sirius, who comes to earth seeking adventure. Because their size is exponentially bigger than that of us five-foot humans, he and his travelling companion from Saturn fail to see the humans around them on Earth. The Saturn-ite (if there be such a title) argues that there is no one on Earth, for he cannot see them. â€Å"Micromegas,† however, â€Å"politely made him sense that this was rather bad reasoning. ‘For,’ he said, ‘you do not see with your little eyes certain stars of the fiftieth magnitude that I perceive very distinctly; do you conclude from this that theses starts do not exist?’† To these colossal beings, we humans were mere atoms on a cramped little globe, and our million-men wars were completely foolish quibbles over pieces of land the size of their heels. The Saturn-ite was closed-minded: he thought that no one sensible could live on such a planet, and looked down on the people once his friend found them. Micromegas, while recognizing that â€Å"People at my court would not deign to look at [humans],† offered the people he had found his protection, because was willing to hear their ideas and discerned that they were truly remarkable beings. Many of us, I believe, could learn a lesson from this character. While we are sitting here in our microscopic homes worrying about what miniscule problems we will face tomorrow, a whole world awaits us. Perhaps we cannot ride on the tails of comets and use Aurora as a doorkeeper like Voltaire’s fantastical characters do, here is our world before us, and however subjectively small or large it is, we will never lack opportunities to do some small bit of good in it. When we walk into school or work, we never lack opportunities to be open-minded in our interactions with other people gaining knowledge where we can and giving it where we are asked, discerning but not judging, and doing good wherever we can. In Voltaire’s â€Å"Zadig,† I read that â€Å"The opportunity of doing harm comes a hundred times a day, and that of doing good once a year.† I believe that an education will provide me with many opportunities to do good in the world around me, and would to love to be able to experience them myself.

What qualities, skills, and abilities must physical therapist Essay

What qualities, skills, and abilities must physical therapist assistants possess in order to be effective interdisciplinary team members - Essay Example What qualities, skills, and abilities must physical therapist assistants possess in order to be effective interdisciplinary team members? All Allied Health Schools (2002-2008) states that PTAs must earn an associate degree in physical therapist assisting so that they may practice in their field. They suggest that before starting a PTA program the individual should obtain some experience as a volunteer with a physical therapist or at a nursing home. Having a strong background in biology, chemistry, physics, health, arts, and social sciences is an advantage in their favor. The physical therapist assistant (PTA), works under the direction and supervision of a physical therapist (PT) (Dreeben, 2007). The PT and the PTA collaborate with each other. This collaboration is important for the patient ´s successful rehabilitation and for everyone ´s involved satisfaction. The interdisciplinary team members work together from different disciplines to set goals pertinent to the patient ´s case. Although the team members collaborate in the decision making the evaluations and interventions are done independently. This information may be extrapolated for the physical therapist assistants since this could be a stepping stone for them to take into consideration should they want to rank high in their positions, wish to excel obtaining a higher education degree, and become better prepared in their areas of expertise given the constant changes that are taking place in the field (new technologies, better patient healthcare, better physical therapist assistants).

Various factors that have influence in their business process Essay

Various factors that have influence in their business process - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the world of the 21st century exists in a highly competitive global environment, which is powered by tremendous growth and fast development. The emergence of the internet in the last couple of years along with the fact of the rapid development of various kinds of technological gadgets has resulted in the process of faster and better connectivity in the markets around the world. The author has rightly presented that the global connectivity has increasingly helped in connecting the markets around the world, and has successfully converted the globe into a single and well-connected entity. The present research has identified that it is of high importance to mention that the better levels of technology-powered connectivity are resulting in the successful diffusion of various global trends, which emerges from various markets around the world. Because of faster dispersion of the globalized trends, it can be said that the consumers are getting more and more aware of their needs and wants. The paper tells that it also has to be said that the better connectivity is helping the rapid dispersion of global trends from the well-established markets to the emerging markets, thereby creating the opportunity for development of consumer demands. This entire cycle of having an increase in consumer demand is having a direct impact on the part of the consumers in a circular manner.... The evolution and advancements in the field of communication technology has already played a major role in regards to the diffusion of various kinds of global trends to various developing and newly emerging markets. Because of this spill over effect of the trends of globalization, it can be said that the consumers of both the developed and developing regions and markets have started to become more and more demanding in nature. The emergence of new consumer demands is resulting in the process of evolution of new kinds of business opportunities. Discussing in connection to this, it can be said that various business organizations and entities are evolving from various corners of the world for the purpose of emergence of new market based opportunities. This is paving the way for the thriving and survival of a widely diversified nature of business organizations. Talking on these lines, it can be said that various kinds of business organizations exists in today’s business environmen t of highly competitive and dynamic nature. The organizations may be multinational, international, transnational or global in nature. Talking in more elaborate manner, about the various kinds of organizations, it can be said that multinational business organizations are organizations, whose various divisions and business processes are spread across multiple countries around the world. Experts of the business domain reveal that a key factor of conducting a multinational business is the fact that organization works along with its various subsidiaries on the basis of certain degrees of decentralization. Talking in specific terms, it can be said that the decision making power of the subsidiaries located in various nations and countries around the world are comparatively high. In

Admission eassy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Admission eassy - Essay Example My vision is to provide accurate and professional work to clients. Additionally, I hope to be an internationally recognized professional and gain autonomy through offering high quality professional work that commands respect and trustworthy. Moreover, I also seek to provide both short-term and long-term solutions to my clients. Since I am an accounting major, I have great inspiration on receiving a Master’s degree in the same field. Moreover, I will be getting the skills in management and control. This has made me realize that I can do so much more with the accounting knowledge that I have within my folds. It has made me feel equipped, confident, and secure in the knowledge that the already acquired pool of knowledge in diverse fields will be put to use. My future is secured if I gain the much-needed Master’s within my folds. For my short-term plans, I wish to take the CPA exams so that my future work manifestations facilitate the experience that I have gained thus far. This will put me in a better stead than where I am at presently. It will make sure that I am in top of my educational and professional levels, which I have always thought for my own self. The most basic purpose of gaining the Master’s degree would be to let me know that I am at par with what I have planned for myself and how I need to equip myself to handle the challenges of the overwhelmingly increasing challenges and demands of modern professional field. It will make sure that I am able to merge both my experience and knowledge to good purpose because it is a much-needed proposition at the end of the day. My father has an accounting firm and a furniture store to manage. I wish to join him in the near future and be instrumental in pushing the family business to greater heights. One of my long- term plans is to be the CEO of our family business as I also endeavor, as I said before, to provide accounting and financing consulting services. I

American Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Politics - Essay Example Madison successfully helped in winning the Constitution ratification after the constitution (Kernell, Jacobson & Kousser, 2012). Madison, with his knowledge on various forms of government, blended the principles of governance that had a profound effect on American Constitution. He noticed that small scale republics were coupled with problems due to their sizes. Also, he noticed from studies that confederated form of governance was not the best. He embarked on an alternative Constitutional design that avoided these shortcomings. This alternative Constitutional framework was introduced by Virginia delegates and named the Virginia Plan at the Convention. In his writing, he made it clear that governance administered over men by men was to be constituted in such a way that it could control itself and those whom it governs (Kernell & Smith, 2013). The Virginia Plan can be said to compose of the following notable features as listed in what follows; these features paved way to the most demon strative constitutional reforms in the history of America. 1) Two chamber legislature; a representation in each chamber based on state population. 2) Lower chamber of the legislature elected by the citizens of each state; upper chamber, executive, and courts elected by the lower house. 3) Legislature can make any law regarding any national problem. 4) Legislature can veto state legislation that it believes conflicts with national laws or the constitution. 5) Council of Revision (composed of executive and the court) can veto legislation passed by the national legislature, but legislature can override by majority vote (Kernell, Jacobson & Kousser, 2012). According to the Virginia Plan, the apportioning of both houses was to be done according to the contributions of states or the numbers of inhabitants. It was obviously the just way of ensuring that equality and standard representation by all. The larger populations were obviously supported in this reasoning though much thought also co uld be regarded in smaller states’ inclusion. This would have ensured equity and equality as larger states would have parted with some portions of power. Though this inclusion was seen by others as giving too much power to the people than expected, the people of America were more inclusive and united in decision making (Kernell, Jacobson & Kousser, 2012). The Plan supported the formation of a national executive. This national executive was to dispense a much more authoritative power than the then unicameral, feeble regime that was in existence then. The national government would wield much power effectively without states being coerced into action. Since it was a national issue, many people would be served inclusively and effectively. This national executive was to serve the whole country. As a national figure, the national executive gave the overall view of a democratic representation (Kernell & Smith, 2013). It is common knowledge that if the states are given the power to s elect the senate, the system would just be flawed and democratically misguided. The senate was thus selected by members of the lower house. In doing this, both houses would have been made as independent as possible. In fact, this might have enabled the defense of the minorities much easier. Also, the enforcement of this law would

A written analysis of the ethical dilemma Essay - 1

A written analysis of the ethical dilemma - Essay Example The physicians are often perplexed to reach a particular point of conclusion that would provide best moral support to their patients. On one hand, their professional philosophy, in particular, suggests them to perform certain acts that are aimed at serving best interests of patients and on the other, the broad humanist outlook prevents them from performing those acts. Thus, remaining within the limits of a professional boundary, as sensitive as healthcare services, it really becomes tough for professionals to assimilate both these sides and churn out a constructive decision that would fulfill best interest of patients. There is no denial of the fact that since very childhood, every individual adheres to some extent or the other to the â€Å"institution of morality† (Beauchamp, and Childress, 2001, p. 3). This institution of morality provides certain basic principles to all human beings. According to general understanding, â€Å"All persons who are serious about living a moral life already grasp the core dimensions of morality. They know not to lie, not to steal property, to keep promises, to respect the rights of others, not to kill or cause harm to innocent persons †¦. All persons serious about morality are comfortable with these rules and do not doubt their relevance and importance† (Beauchamp, and Childress, 2001, p. 3). However, problem or confusion arises when it comes to assimilating both these aspects and the situation practically reflects one of the very common ethical dilemmas that a physician encounters. Morality, though the term encompasses within its broad scope a number of issues, however, it can be classified into two segments, depending over its application separately in universal and specific situations. The aspects of ethical conflict, which confuse most of the people both in professional and personal dimensions of life, actually arise due to the conflict between common and specific morality. There are certain

Exploring Military Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exploring Military Education - Assignment Example He asserts that military education should equip soldiers to be effective defenders of the USA as well as the effective defenders of the American interest and its partners around the world. This article is credible because it is written by a professor who has deep knowledge of the military education. Professor Joan Johnson-Freese is also the former chair of national Security Affairs at the war college, Newport in the Department of Defense Alfred, M. V., &Nafukho, F. M. (2010). International and Comparative Adult and Continuing Education. In C. E. Kasworm, A. D. Rose, & J. M. Ross-Gordon (Eds.) Handbook Of Adult And Continuing Education (Pp. 93–102). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Bezacie Gerard. (2004). Synergy Between Doctrine, Training And Military Education Military education helps the soldiers to be equipped with the general knowledge since just like any other human activity; war is subject to changes and greatly depends on the choices made during a particular period . Military education also assists the soldiers to solve issues with strict intellectual discipline thus enhancing decision making process as well as equipping and preparing the future commanders in their new roles. This article is credible since it is a publication by the military experts and professionals Kerka, Sandra. (2002). ACVE - Teaching Adults: Is It Different? Eric Publications. Sandra Kerka asserts that adult learning are based on problems and challenges hence emphasizing the need for critical and transformative learning unlike the children’s learning which is dependent and lacks life experience. Adults are likely to be self directive and greatly motivational thus making it possible for soldiers to understand the concepts and importance of the military education. This article is credible because it is peer reviewed and backed by very rich primary resources from professionals such as Drapper, Guffey and Ramp. The article is also published by educational resources inf ormation centre which is a renowned publisher Smit, H., Den Oudendammer, F., Kats, E., & Van Lakerveld, J. (2009). Lifelong Learning on Either Side of the Border: The Effects of Government Policy on Adult Education In The Netherlands And Belgium.European Journal Of Education,  44(2), 257-270. A country’s adult education is dependent on various factors such as historical, cultural and economical and differs in many countries. For instance, in Netherlands, vocational training is emphasized amongst adults just like in Belgium where it is greatly supported too. This article is peer reviewed and scholarly. It is also credible because it has other reliable sources cited in it Maric, L., Krsmanovic, B., Mraovic, T., Gogic, A., Sente, J., & Smajic, M. (2013). The Effectiveness Of Physical Education Of The Military Academy Cadets During A 4-Year Study.  Vojnosanitetski Pregled. Military-Medical and Pharmaceutical Review,  70(1), 16-20. Maric et al studied the main role of physic al education in the cadets’ life and their general personality development by evaluating the effectiveness of physical education. Physical education somewhat develops physical skills but through endurance, strength and speed. This resource is primary since it involves research thus proving its credibility. This study was carried out in the Military academy with a total of 120

Organic Solar cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organic Solar cells - Essay Example In 1954, three scientists called Chapin, Fuller and Pearson developed the first solar cell in a lab. It was until the 1970s when the physics community caught up with them by working on a series of researches in the field of solar energy. Eastman Kodak became the first commercial organisation to create an organic cell in 1986. The device was made by an analyst called Tang, who worked for the organisation. More research continued to be done in the field and by 2007; a high efficient solar cell was created at a spectrolab. It had values of about 40.7%, which was a great improvement from Chapin and his colleagues’ 6% (Rivers 96). Currently, more research is underway in the field in order to boost outcomes. Solar cells are a used in electronic devices like calculators and laptops. Satellite images heavily rely on these materials for carrying out their roles. One is also likely to find the products in remote locations where no connections to power grids exist. However, they are yet to be regarded as a reliable source for electricity for electricity distribution. The cost of making solar energy from these materials is also prohibitive on a large scale. It costs four times, as much money, to generate 1 KWh of electricity from solar energy in comparison to conventional methods (Iyer 17). These typical methods include cycle gas turbines and remote diesel generation. Organic cells could be the answer to reduction of costs and elimination of other prohibitive factors in solar cell technology. Organic solar cells have low cost processing and high throughput. This implies that it is relatively easy to spray, vaporise, spin coat and print them. They capture light efficiently due to high absorption rates. The devices can even be processed in solution form at room temperature. Silicon-based solar cells are unlikely to go down in terms of prices, but this is untrue for organic ones. Additionally, they

Exercise Essay Example for Free

Exercise Essay Exercise entails an act of intentional and active body movements, force exertion on attempt to keep fit, body shape and ensuring general medical healthiness. Socially, it simply prepares an athlete for readiness towards goal accomplishment of being the best in a competition. Medical researches however, recommend a minimum of 15 minutes exercise per day to keep the body in good shape. Experts in the field of physical health education had also suggested at least a minimum of a kilometer walk on a regular basis (Knuttgen, H. 2003). Drugs heal but a therapeutic dose of regular exercise contributes a lot in the prevention of atherosclerotic diseases of great blood vessels of the heart without any side effect. In turn the risk of being a victim of cardiac arrest among other major diseases that could result from a prolonged sedentary life is reduced. Exercise completes the recuperating process of an out-patient in hospital ward. Besides, the idea of exercise gives a psychological sense of well been if a recovering patient on bed for the past few weeks could perform it with subsequent improvement. This must have been repeated severally with increasing duration of allotted time interval. How does an exercise works for good health? During exercise, there is an increase in blood circulation in the blood vessels of the body. This brings more nourishing constituents of blood (glucose, oxygen, food break down products, minerals etc) to the organs they supply at a faster rate. The homodynamic (motion) flow of blood fluid creates pressure within the vessel and thereby clears any obstruction to its flow. Usually, excessive cholesterol intake obstructs blood vessels and predispose the patient to the risk of not heart failure, hypertension et cetera. Exercise is free for all, let us all preach it, and practice it till it becomes a part and of our life. It appears to me as a means of embarking on prevention to avoid curing imminent diseases. Albeit excessive exercise puts so much stress on the body, do not do it! (Wilmore, J. , Knuttgen, H. 2003)

Caring for children and young people Essay Example for Free

Caring for children and young people Essay The roles and responsibilities of a foster carer are to provide care for a foster child, to promote positive health care, to promote a positive view of the Childs family background, to promote a foster Childs own race, culture and religion, to promote education, to let Children Young People’s Service know immediately of any Serious Incident, to Notify the Department of any Change of Address, to Ensure the Safety of any Foster Child whilst they are in your care, to keep Confidentiality, to Accept and Ensure that Corporal Punishment is Not Permitted to be used on any Child Placed with You, to ensure that Young People receive Sex Education appropriate to their needs, to Permit any person authorized by the Department to see the Child/Young Person, to Allow the Child/Young Person to be Removed from the Foster Home when so requested by a Person Authorized by the Department, to Provide Information to the Children Young People’s Service and the Courts if they request it and I nformation about the Child’s Behavior and Development. A foster carer has to provide care for a foster child this means to provide general care for a child or young person which includes providing love, comfort, listening, patience, food, clothing and warmth. Foster carers could encourage any hobbies or interests. Foster carers also have to remember that children have came from all different backgrounds and have different experiences from the past. A foster carer also has to try their best to get the child to have a positive view of themselves. A foster carer has to promote positive health care. This includes getting in touch with doctors or hospitals if needed. This also includes getting in touch with the dentist and opticians regularly. Social carers should also encourage their child to exercise, making sure that the child has a healthy balanced diet and making sure that the child is aware of the bad affects of  smoking alcohol and illegal drugs. Before a child goes into a foster care and when coming out of foster care the child will have a medical assessment which the foster carer will normally attend with the child. A foster carer has to promote a positive view of the childs family and background which means they will need to understand the feelings that a child has about their parents. This means they need to respect the values that a child has brought from home and when a child has visits with their parents that the child does not feel they have to choose either the foster parents or their real parents. The foster carer must also show respect and understanding for the parents feelings as it must be upsetting for the parents seeing someone else caring for their child better than themselves. A foster carer has to promote the childs race, culture and religion. The first stage of this is by putting the child into a foster home with a foster carer who has the same race, religion or culture. If this is not possible at a certain time a child will be put into the best available placement. If the child is not of the same culture or religion then it is the foster carers responsibility to meet the childs needs for example places of worship, music, decorations in the home etc. A foster carer needs to promote education. They should do this by spending time with the children when doing homework and school events, listening to the child read and also reading them bedtime stories. They should also not keep the child off of school for small illnesses, not make appointments during school time and not arranging holidays during school time. A foster carer needs to let the children and young peoples service know immediately if there are any serious incidents this includes any accident, illness, abduction, absconds or prosecution by police. A foster carer needs to ensure the safety of a child. A foster carer can make sure the children stay safe by being conscious of safety within the home and when transporting the children around. They can do this by making sure children are wearing seat belts or using booster seats if they are needed.  Deciding at what age a child can take responsibility is also very important they should decide this in the same way that they would make the decision for their own children. A foster carer needs to keep confidentiality this means all the information about the child which Is given to them has to stay with them and not told to anyone else. A foster carer needs to accept and ensure that corporal punishment is not permitted to be used on any child placed with the carer. This means the carer should not belittle a child or use inappropriate punishments. Good behavior should also be rewarded. A foster carer needs to ensure that young people receive sex education appropriate to their needs. This is because young people need opportunities to talk about their worries when it comes to sex. A gay or lesbian young person in care may need a more sympathetic foster carer. Children and young people who have been sexually abused will need counselling and opportunities to talk about appropriate sexual behaviour. A foster carer has the responsibility to provide information to the childrens and young peoples service and the courts if the request it and information about the childs behaviour and development. This means the social worker may need to complete an assessment on the child or their family or they may need to write reports for the court. Child minder A child minder has a lot of different roles and responsibilities including day to day management to enable delivery of a high quality provision, Knowledge of relevant legislation and Ofsted requirements, establish and sustain a welcoming, purposeful, stimulating, and encouraging environment where children feel confident and secure and are able to develop and learn, promoting childrens health, safety and physical, mental and emotional well-being, establish and sustain a safe and secure environment which meets  the welfare requirements of the statuatory framework, maintain confidentiality at all times, observe and record childrens activity, development and progress systematically and carefully and use this information to inform, plan and improve practice and provision, promote children’s rights, equality, inclusion and anti-discriminatory practice in all aspects of the setting, be responsible for the collection and recording of fees, together with managing accounts, purchasing of appropriate resources and keeping accurate records, establish a framework of policies and procedures including Health and Safety, Safeguarding Children and Equal Opportunities and to understand your role and responsibilities, establish and maintain positive relationships with children and their families in a way that values parental involvement.

Non Medical Independent Supplementary Prescribers Nursing Essay

Non Medical Independent Supplementary Prescribers Nursing Essay The purpose of this essay is to explore some of the processes involved in prescribing, from consideration of the patients pathophysiology, through consultation and decision-making to the provision of treatment. The authors rationale for choosing anticoagulation as the topic for discussion, is that although the authors field of practice is mainly with patients who have ischaemic heart disease, upon reviewing the practice log it became apparent that developments within the authors role were leading the author to participate more in the care of patients with atrial fibrillation. To highlight discussion and link theory to practice the author will use four case studies of patients admitted to a district general hospital, who subsequently were diagnosed with atrial fibrillation and due to the nature of the condition, were offered anticoagulation for the prevention of future thromboembolic events. The above processes will be discussed under the headings of the learning outcomes below. Evaluate effective history taking, assessment and consultation skills with patients/ clients, parents and carers to inform working/differential diagnoses. Integrate a shared approach to decision making taking account of patients/carers wishes, values, Religion or culture. Traditionally patient consultations have been performed with the doctors taking the more dominant role (Lloyd Bor 2009). These consultations have been doctor-centred, establishing a diagnosis and treatment plan without involving the patient in the decision making process. At this time this was accepted by the patient because the doctor knows best and the patient handed over responsibility for his well-being to the clinician. However this has now changed and patients are more interested in their illnesses, wanting to know more and be involved in their treatment plans. Increasing evidence suggests that a more patient-centred style of consultation results in happier patients who are more likely to adhere to their treatment plans (Stewart et al 2003). The author was able to observe her designated medical practitioner (DMP) in a variety of patient interactions but mainly during the process of consultation, for the purpose of establishing diagnosis and treatment plans, (see appendix for case studies). Consultations are made up of a number of elements such as establishing a rapport, gathering and interpreting information and physical examination, however the cornerstone of all patient interactions is effective communication. Prior to each consultation, the DMP prepared by reading through the medical records to obtain information regarding the patients past and present history, medications and allergies. At this stage consideration was given to potential treatment plans or required tests. The patients in case studies 1-4 were all admitted to hospital due to either new onset of symptoms or deteriorating clinical condition, thus each consultation was held at the bedside. Hastings (2006) highlighted the importance of recognising the different settings within which a consultation can occur and how these settings can affect the patient and practitioner. This is a view shared by White (2002) who felt that the environment can greatly influence the consultation process. Upon reviewing the literature the author has found that there are many different approaches that can be adopted and various consultation models that can be utilised, in order to produce the most effective consultation. The author felt that the DMPs methods of consultation spanned several models. It incorporated elements of the biomedical model described by Byrne Long (1976), in which they describe six phases which formed a logical structure, but take a very doctor-centred approach (see appendix). Charlton (2007) argues however, that whilst this model is simplistic and logical it has difficulty accommodating the feelings, beliefs and psychosocial issues which colour the meaning of health and illness. The consultations also incorporated elements of the more patient-centred models as described by Pendleton et al (2003) and Calgary-Cambridge (1996), see appendix **. These models aim to achieve a collaborative understanding of the patients problems. The authors DMP combined traditional m ethods of history taking with systematic physical enquiry and examination, to elicit information about the patients medical, social and family histories, together with drug and allergy information, and the patients perspective regarding their history and presentation of symptoms. Once the history was obtained the physical examination was performed to supplement the diagnostic process. In each case the examination was cardiovascular, paying particular attention to the auscultation of heart sounds, because in atrial fibrillation the exclusion of a valvular element is necessary prior to commencing anticoagulation. In accordance with the models used, diagnosis was established and discussed with the patient. The DMP used simple terminology to ensure understanding. The use of non-verbal communication was evident throughout each consultation, from the outset where introductions and shaking hands took place, to the use of empathy and touch when the patient showed fear and anxiety. The history taking process may have involved a doctor-centred approach but the discussion surrounding treatment choices was certainly patient-centred. In each consultation the plan between the patient and the DMP was negotiated, with the DMP explaining the risks associated with atrial fibrillation, and being honest with the patient about the risks versus benefits of anticoagulation. Charlton (2007) believes that it is important to elicit a patients concerns and expectations in order to ensure that both the patient and the doctors agendas are the same. This is supported by Neighbour (2005) who stated that, Patients differ widely in their factual knowledge, in their beliefs, their attitudes, their habits, their opinions, their values, their self-images, their myths, taboos and traditions. Some of these are relatively labile and easy to change on a day to day basis, others are more firmly held and difficult to alter. Each patient we encounter will have come from a different background and some from different cultural systems whereby their values, beliefs and behaviours may not be the same as the practitioners (Lloyd Bor 2009). Each patient within the sphere of their culture or religion will have a different view about what treatments or care is acceptable (Helman 2000). This was the case in respect of patient * who was a Jehovahs Witness. Patients who share this religion do not accept blood transfusions or blood related products based upon their interpretation of Acts, a book in the New Testament Bible (Wikipedia 2012). Although the authors DMP and the patient were from different cultural and religious backgrounds, effective communication was still maintained. The DMP took time with the patient to explore the implications that the patients beliefs would have upon the form of treatment that was indicated. In this case it was not taking the drug that posed the problem but the increased risk of bleeding that could occur, which potentially may require a blood transfusion if the bleeding were to be severe. In the case of patient * they initially were not keen to start warfarin. When it was first mentioned the patient grimaced and said oh, isnt that rat poison. Indeed the patient was correct, Warfarin has previously been used to kill rodents but its safety and efficacy as a medication has also been proven. Patients often have misconceptions about medication which can influence their decision making. Their decisions regarding treatments are based upon their understandings and these can often by influenced by external factors such as the media. However, with regard to the consultations observed by the author, it seems that the intrinsic factors were more influencial. Patient * and * were both concerned about potential lifestyle changes. How often would i need to come for tests? What about going on holiday? Will I bruise easily? What happens if I cut myself? Will it affect my other medicines. For patient * the answers were acceptable and warfarin was prescribed. However patient * felt that the change would be too much and declined. Respecting a patients right to refuse treatment is part of the consultation and prescribing process. In its guidance on consent, the GMC (2008) discusses the importance of accepting that a competent patient has the right to make decisions about their healthcare and that doctors must respect these decisions, even if they do not agree with them. This view is supported by NICE (2009) who state that patients if they chose to, should be involved in the decision m aking process, and as long as they have mental capacity, as defined in the Mental Capacity Act (2005), to be able to make informed choices, as professionals we must understand that patients have different views to us about risks and benefits and we must accept their right to refuse. For patients ***and *, the recommended treatment was anticoagulation. Patient * and * once their initials concerns were addressed, were happy to proceed with the treatment. Patients * and * were not. The author noted that this did not change the DMPs treatment of the patient, who respected their decision and agreed an alternative plan. Although each consultation was different in the patient specifics, there were still common elements. Each interaction was structured and was systematic in establishing the required elements. A good rapport was established with each patient, resulting in effective communication. Communication problems between the doctor and patient can lead to dissatisfaction (Simpson et al 1991), causing misunderstandings and lack of agreement or concordance with treatment plans (Barry et al 2000). This was not the case however in patient * and *. Each patient was given a full explanation of the treatment options and each made an informed choice regarding their treatment, choosing to pursue a path not recommended by the authors DMP. A review by Cox (2004) summarised that patients and health care professionals need to have a two way discussion in order to share their views and concerns regarding treatment. 6. Integrate and apply knowledge of drug actions in relation to pathophysiology of the condition being treated. With the advent of independent and supplementary prescribing, and the ever changing role of the nurse, it is considered imperative that nurses have a greater knowledge and understanding of drug pharmacology (Thomas Young 2008). Pharmacokinetics studies how our bodies process drugs and Pharmacodynamics studies how these drugs exert their effect (Greenstein Gould 2009). When the heart beats normally, a regular electrical impulse causes the muscular heart walls to contract and force blood out and around the body. This impulse originates in the top chambers of the heart (atria) and is conducted to the bottom chambers (ventricles). In atrial fibrillation this impulse is initiated and conducted in a random uncoordinated manner causing the heart to function less efficiently. The risk of a pooling or stasis of blood remaining in the heart, increases the risk for a thromboembolic event. Atrial fibrillation is the most commonly sustained cardiac arrhythmia affecting 10% of men over 75 years (NHS Choices 2013) and if left untreated is a significant risk factor for stroke (NICE 2006). The patients identified in the case studies were all given a diagnosis of non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Their individual risk for thromboembolic event was assessed using the CHAD scoring systems and the outcome was that each patient required treatment with anticoagulation. Anticoagulants were discovered in the 1920s by a Canadian vet who found that cattle eating mouldy silage made from sweet clover were dying of haemorrhagic disease, and it wasnt until the 1950s that anticoagulants were found to be effective for preventing thrombosis and emboli by reducing clot formation, and were finally licenced for use as medicines. (Wikipedia 2012). Warfarin is the anticoagulant most commonly used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation. To understand the pharmacodynamics of warfarin, one must first understand the basic clotting cascade. Blood contains clotting factors (inactive proteins) which activate sequentially following vascular damage. These factors form two pathways (Intrinsic and Extrinsic) which lead to the formation of a fibrin clot. The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue damage from outside of the blood vessel. It acts to clot blood that has escaped from the vessel into the tissues. Damage to the tissues activates tissue thromboplastin which is an enzyme that activates Factor X. The intrinsic pathway is triggered by elements that lie within the blood itself. Damage to the vessel wall stimulates the cascade of individual clotting factors which also activate Factor X. Once activated Factor X converts Prothrombin to Thrombin which in turn converts Fibrinogen to Fibrin. Fibrin fibres then form a meshwork which traps red blood cells and platelets and so stems the flow of blood (Doohan 1999). Vitamin K is essential for the maturation of clotting factors such as Factor X and prothrombin and it is on Vitami n K that anticoagulants such as Warfarin take effect. Warfarin reduces coagulation by inhibiting the processing of Vitamin K. This reduces the amount of matured clotting factors available for the clotting cascade, causing clotting time to be prolonged (Melnikova 2009). This time frame can be measured by testing a patients INR (International Normalised Ratio), which is simply a recording of the amount of time it takes for a blood sample to clot. Using Warfarin in the treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, reduces the risk of clot formation and the risk of potential clots being ejected from the heart into the general circulation. This process however is dependent upon how the body initially processes the drug (pharmacokinetics). Warfarin is readily absorbed from the GI tract, however this can be affected by age related changes such as reduced gastric emptying and slowed motility affecting intestinal transit time. This phase determines a drugs bioavailability. The extent of drug distribution depends on the amount of plasma proteins and whether a drug is bound or unbound. Warfarin is 99% bound to plasma proteins and therefore takes longer to reach the site of action, thus the distribution phase lasts approximately 6-12 hours (Holford 1986). The patient in case * was noted to be on aspirin. Patients on drugs which bind at the same site can cause problems when administered together, as one displaces the other causing elevated levels o f the drug to be circulating, leading to toxicity (Sunalim 2011). Whilst the benefits of warfarin are apparent the side effects and precautions for use are numbered. Warfarin has a narrow therapeutic window making control difficult and increases the risk of bleeding and haemorrhage. It interacts with other prescribed, over the counter and herbal medicines and is contraindicated in pregnancy. Despite its use in clinical practice for over 50 years, the MHRA still receive a substantial number of adverse reaction case reports through the Yellow Card system. The majority of these reports were as a result of over anticoagulation with the majority of fatal cases being attributed to haemorrhage. It was concluded that in some cases interaction with other medications was the cause (MHRA 2009). It is therefore essential that a full drug history including allergies is taken prior to commencing any new medication. Critically appraise sources of information/advice and decision support systems in prescribing practice and apply the principles of evidence based practice to decision making. 9. Demonstrate an expert understanding of prescribing decisions made within an ethical framework with due consideration for equality and diversity. The decision to prescribe an anticoagulant such as warfarin is not a decision taken lightly. Due to the potential side effects, mainly the increased risk of bleeding, the risks versus benefits discussion must be explored. The benefit of warfarin is the reduction in risk of thromboembolic events such as a stroke or pulmonary embolism, the risks areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦however before this discussion can take place, it must first be established whether anticoagulation with warfarin is needed or whether an alternative treatment is possible. In 1994 the Atrial Fibrillation Investigators (AFL), conducted randomised clinical trials whose participants had untreated atrial fibrillation. Data from these trials showed that patients with previous stroke, hypertension or diabetes were at increased risk of stroke. This data was confirmed by the Stroke Prevention Atrial Fibrillation Investigators (SPAF 1995) who looked at thromboembolic risk for AF patients on aspirin. The amalgamation of these two bodies in 2001 led to the development of the CHAD2 scheme (see appendix), which is a clinical prediction tool used for estimating the risk of stroke in patients with AF and to determine whether or not treatment is required with anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. Risk stratification schemes that accurately and reliably stratify stroke risk could influence the management of those who have AF and spare those low-risk patients the risks, inconvenience and costs associated with anticoagulation therapy (Gage et al 2004). The use of the C HAD2 and CHAD2VASc score is advocated in the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines (2010), which recommends that if the patient has a CHAD score of 2 or above anticoagulation therapy such as warfarin or one of the newer drugs, such as dabigatran, should be prescribed. This view is supported by NICE guidance (2006) which analysed respective trials and concluded that warfarin significantly reduced the incidence of stroke and other vascular events in people with AF. NICE also discusses stroke risk stratification models, of which the CHAD2 score is one. It does not however make recommendations as to the best choice of tool. Patient * was the only one out of the case studies that had their stroke risk calculated using the CHAD scoring system and had it recorded in the notes. The reasons for this are unknown however the author hypothesises that perhaps as the other patients had greater apparent risk due to their existing co-morbidities, it was deemed unnecessary to actually perf orm the calculation as anticoagulation would ultimately be indicated. The author could argue here that if this was the case this generalisation goes against the concept of diversity. Warfarin has been widely accepted as the drug of choice for oral anticoagulant therapy, however newer drugs on the market such as dabigatran and rivaroxban have also been recommended as alternatives to warfarin , yet it is the authors experience that these are very rarely discussed with patients as alternative treatment and only seem to be prescribed when warfarin is not an option. The author believes the reason for this may be partly due to economic and geographical inequalities in health, a view shared by Abraham Marcy (2012) Wartak Bartholomew (2011). They concluded that compared to warfarin dabigatran was disadvantaged by the lack of knowledge about its use, its poor gastrointestinal tolerability and ultimately the cost which resulted in its limited use. Treatment decisions made for these patients were in keeping with National and European guidelines promoting access to treatment for all. Local guidelines however are under current review and were not available for scrutiny. As prescribers we must use all available information to ensure that we make the best evidence based prescribing decisions with our patients. Guidelines facilitate best practice but resources such as the British National Formulary (BNF) and the Electronic Medicines Compendium (EMC) are invaluable reference tools in facilitating best prescribing practice. In everyday practice healthcare professionals are expected to make judgements about what is best for their patients. The NMC (nnn) advocate that to practice in an ethically sound manner it is necessary to balance ethical considerations with professional values and relevant legislation. The ethical theory of principlism described by Beauchamp Childress (2008) considers the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice as the elements of ethical theory that are the most compatible in supporting decision-making within the healthcare system. Making ethical prescribing decisions is not a solitary activity, especially when the decision will impact upon another person. The ethos of quality patient care relies upon a team approach that supports the decision making of the patient, in partnership with the professionals, ensuring that the values and beliefs of the patient have been respected and acknowledged. 5. Demonstrate critical awareness of the roles and relationships of others involved in prescribing, supplying and administering medicines. Earlier discussion highlighted the importance of communication in developing the doctor-patient relationship and how consultations are either doctor or patient-centred. This is also true with regard to other professional relationships the patient may have with members of the multidisciplinary team, who are also involved in prescribing, supplying and administering their medications. A review of the supply, prescribing and administration of medicines by the DOH (1999), recommended that there should be two types of prescriber; independent and supplementary. An independent prescriber is responsible and accountable for the assessment of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed conditions and for decisions about the clinical management requiredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.supplementary prescribing is a voluntary partnership between a doctor or dentist and a supplementary prescriber to prescribe within an agreed patient specific clinical management plan, with the patients agreement NPC (2012). As a potential non-medical prescriber the author recognises the importance in understanding and applying the principles of good prescribing practice, in order to become an independent/supplementary prescriber. Doctors undertake training in prescribing as part of their undergraduate programme and are required to demonstrate this activity in order to obtain their registration. Their practice is guided and governed by the General Medical Council (GMC). Likewise nurses and midwives who are independent/supplementary prescribers, are governed by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), whose regulatory standards and legislation require practitioners to be experienced before they undertake such training and in safeguarding the best interests of the patient, ensure that nurses and midwives remain up to date with the knowledge and skills that enable them to prescribe and administer drugs safely and effectively (NMC 2004, NPC 2012). Pharmacists whose governing body, the General Pharmaceutical Council (GPC 2010), allow that a pharmacist independent prescriber may, after successful completion of an accredited course, prescribe autonomously for any condition within their clinical competence. Current legislation however only allows other multidisciplinary members such as radiographers and physiotherapists to be supplementary prescribers. During a patients stay in hospital, it is most likely they will enter into a medication consultation with at least one or two of the multidisciplinary members mentioned above. All the patients in the case studies had contact with a doctor, nurse and pharmacist. The doctors performed the initial consult at the patients admission and it is here that the initial drug history was taken. The nurse then administered the medication prescribed on the drug chart, giving the patients information about the drugs they were taking and potential side effects. This information was limited to their individual knowledge base. If the drug was unavailable then it was requested from the pharmacy department. The author observed the practice that occurred when an unavailable drug was requested. The initial process was simple, the doctor prescribed it and the ward nurse sent the drug chart and request slip to pharmacy. Once in pharmacy the process became more complex requiring the request to pass through s everal stations before being dispensed. Prior to this course the author had very little understanding as to how important the role of the pharmacist was. Pharmacists play an important role in improving a patients medication management during admission and through transitions of care from hospital to home. Weiss (2013) agreed that patients are often discharged from hospital with changes from their previous medication regimes, causing discrepancies and lack of understanding, which lead to non-adherence and adverse drug effects. The pharmacists spoken with by the author agreed that providing medication counselling in preparation for discharge is a large part of their role. Patient * and * who were commenced on warfarin, received counselling prior to discharge. The author was able to observe this practice. The session took place at the bedside which, upon reflection, was not conducive to this information exchange. Noise and interruptions from a confused patient in the next bed meant that the passage of information was often disrupted and had to be repeated. The pharmacist provided the patient with an information pack and discussed the drug, side effects, anticoagulant monitoring and lifestyle changes such as travel, diet, recreational activities and dental visits. NICE medicines adherence guidance (2009) advocate the importance of providing patients with both written and verbal information in order to make an informed choice. For patient * and *, verbal information was given prior to prescription, but the written information was only provided after the patient had agreed to treatment. Providing all the information beforehand could increase patient conse nt to treatment (Elwyn et al 2006). Considering the role of others within the prescribing team has led the author to examine and reflect upon her own role. The author entered this course with knowledge and competence in diagnosing a patient with an acute coronary syndrome and questioned why such a broad prescribing knowledge was necessary. It is the view of Lymn et al (2010) that non-medical prescribers within a narrow specialist field often ask this question. Taylor Field (2007) believe the answer to be because advancements in medicine have meant that patients are often able to live with chronic disease and multiple co-morbidities. Becoming a prescribing student has given the author insight into what she did not know and what she never realised she needed to know. Conclusion. At the beginning the author posed the question, Anticoagulate or not to anticoagulate? In order to answer this, the author explored some of the processes involved in prescribing and through the use of case histories, linked theory to practice with analytical discussion. The answer to the question is clear, there is no one true answer. It is the authors conclusion that each case for anticoagulation must be viewed separately. Each patient is different, their understanding, their views and their pathophysiology all are unique. As practitioners it is our duty to provide our patients with the information and support they need in order to make informed choices. As prescribing practitioners these responsibilities are increased. Using the process of accountable practice as described by Lymn et al (2010), it is essential that we analyse our responsibilities as accountable prescribers and in doing so consider each prescribing situation on its own merits.

Beloved, by Toni Morrison :: Literary Analysis, Toni Morrison

The novel Beloved, written by Toni Morrison, shows a family’s life before and after slavery. The main character, Sethe, escaped from slavery and had a daughter, Denver, while she was escaping. Although Denver never actually experienced slavery, her life has still been affected by it. Morrison uses Denver to show how although people can be affected by a life destructing experience such as slavery they do have the ability to move forward in life if they believe they can. Before Beloved comes to 124, Denver was not able to learn much about the past because of Sethe’s inability to experience the past again. She feels left out because she is not involved. This causes her to consume herself in the events of the past. Denver also starts out very shy. When Paul D first comes to 124, he and Sethe reminisce about the past. Denver says, â€Å"How come everybody run off from Sweet Home can’t stop talking about it? Look like if it was so sweet you would have stayed† (17). Sethe replies, â€Å"Girl, who you talking to† (16). Sethe’s surprised tone shows this is not normal behavior for Denver and she is usually much more soft-spoken. Denver’s outspoken behavior comes from her frustration with her ignorance of the past. Denver also locks her self away from the rest of the world before Beloved comes. After the incident with Nelson Lord, Denver â€Å"never went back† to Lady Jones’ house (121). Denver was cut off from the outside world even more when â€Å"she walked in a silence too solid for penetration† (121). Denver’s hearing returned â€Å"by the sound of her dead sister trying to climb the stairs† (122). The dense diction used by Morrison shows Denver’s deafness was very powerful. Denver believes Beloved got her hearing back for Denver, which makes Denver look to Beloved to solve her problems later in the novel. This makes Denver and Beloved’s relationship even more powerful because something very strong had to happen to bring back Denver’s hearing and Beloved was it. Unlike the other characters in the novel, Denver refers to Beloved as an actual family member and not just a baby further connecting the two characters. Before Beloved returns to 124 in person, Denver has a connection with her spirit and she relies on her companionship.

Teaching Philosophy :: Education Learning School Essays

Teaching Philosophy Teaching is learning twice over. I believe that learning can be done in many different capacities; however, it takes a strong blend of certain personal characteristics and instructional techniques to become an effective teacher. In a perfect world, I could stand in front of a gathering of physical education students and teach them successfully how to dribble a basketball or throw a baseball, but it is much more difficult than that. Students are as different as snowflakes, each with many characteristics different than the next. To use the analogy of a key and lock, the key being the presentation of the material and the lock being the students, I feel that many teachers try to use the same key on 25 different locks. It is up to the teacher do away with the â€Å"here is the material†¦learn it† method of teaching and start considering the differences between one student’s ability to learn to the next. I believe in having a strong relationship with my students. I want them to be in a classroom where they know someone cares about them and that the teacher is not just earning a paycheck. By demonstrating a certain level of compassion for your students, they feel more comfortable with you as a teacher. By nurturing their open minds, a teacher can be successful. It is important to let the students ask questions and let them think for themselves. At a young age, children are full of imagination and ideas, and too often teachers take their intuitive instinct away from them by not letting them share their ideas or punishing them when they make a mistake out of the exploration of their imagination. I believe that setting goals has got me where I am today and that the concept of goal setting should be instructed and reinforced. Without goals students are apt to stray from little educational endeavors that end up being the little holes that sunk the big ship. In high school, I was a student who was at the top of the class in subjects that I enjoyed and mediocre in subjects that I did not find appealing.

To Kill A Mockingbird - The Character of Dill :: Kill Mockingbird essays

To Kill A Mockingbird - The Character of Dill From their first impression of Dill Scout and Jem feel that, Charles Baker Harris is a small, weedy, but oddly curious child whose name was "longer'n you are". At the initial meeting he was wearing "blue linen shorts that buttoned to his shirt, his hair was snow white and stuck to his head like duck fluff". Even though he seemed odd to Jem and Scout when he spoke of going to the cinema and seeing films like Dracula he automatically had their attention and respect. This initial meeting grows into a flourishing relationship between Dill and Jem and Scout. After this first meeting Dill stays for the duration of each summer at his aunts house and then returning to his mother and stepfather for all we know at that time. Dill returns to and leaves Maycomb many times in the duration of the novel after that visit and their initial meeting. Dill is dreamy, enigmatic and insecure. Unlike the Finch children he feels unwanted until they welcome him under their wing. Dill talks of his stepfather and mother as well off people who show him the sights of the urbanised area that they live in. In reality this is not what the picture is with Dill and his parents. They don't want him and he is passed from relative to relative in an attempt to be rid of him for some time. He is moved on from his one relative to the next when they get tired making Dill feels unwanted although he doesn't show it. As a result of this when Dill comes to Maycomb and meets Jem and Scout, he feels comforted and contented to be with people who have time for him and who enjoy his company. At points in the book when Dill leaves, Scout and Jem miss him as he was the basis of their games during the entire summer. To them Dill is another person to interact with, who plays their games with them and whose company they both enjoy. Dill is also like a book to them because as they interact more with him they unfold more and more of his past rousing their curiosity to want to find out more.

Ann Mulcahy, Xerox Case Study Essay

Fiedler’s Contingency Model: The Contingency Model that was developed by Fiedler’s and his associates was aimed to link the leadership style with the situation and circumstances surrounding each leader. (The Leadership Experience. p.68). Now will try to assess the leadership style of Anne Mulcahy to test the extent to which she was a relationship-oriented leader or a task-oriented leader. One of the first things she talked about on the short movie that we watched in class was that a lot of her time in the first few months â€Å"was spent listening† to employees and customers which shows how much she cared about them and their needs. In page 3 of the article written by Betsy Morris, she clearly says that â€Å"nothing spooked† her as much as thinking about the 96,000 people who worked for Xerox â€Å"if this thing went south†. In addition to passionately listening to her customers and employees, she was very humble asking for any kind of help from employees or investors. This is probably driven by her desire to keep Xerox alive for the people regardless to endless calls from financial advisors to file bankruptcy. Anne once asked if anyone in the company could teach here Balance Sheet 101, so she could relate her decisions to how the balance sheet would be effected. This was not the first time she asked for help, which in my opinion, was unusual but very encouraging to other employees to seek help whenever needed. She also personally met with top executives and was open with them to discuss every detail about the company and encouraged their involvements in the decisions. All of these and other evidences show the extent to which she was a relationship-oriented leader. On the other hand, she was also focusing on setting clear financial growth goals for the company even of the decisions made would harm some individuals. In other words, she was favoring the  company’s sustainability and long-term interest over the individual’s interests. She, for example, reduced the work force by 30,000 in order to accomplish the 5% annual growth by 2005. Therefore, in this situation, she made a tough decision and was a taskoriented leader. Also, when she took home binders and insisted to understand the financial side in making the right decisions, she possessed a high level of task-oriented. The case also tells us in page 6 that she had not taken a single weekend in two years, which shows how much she was focused on her goals for the company. Regarding the situation in which she worked, she had respect and trust between her and the subordinates. When there should be a tough decision to make, she would not hesitate like the case with auditors that she entirely replace Path-Goal Theory: In this theory, the leader is focused in motivating the people around him or her to achieve the ultimate organizations’ goals. (The Leadership Experience. p.77). One example to show that this was applicable with Anne Mulcahy is that when she met with the 100 top executives to assess their character and encourage them to do more for the better of the company. Ursula Burns had a better offer at another company and knew the situation of Xerox but with conversations with Anne Mulcahy, she was convinced to stay and focus to work harder. In this meeting, Anne was successful in motivating the top executives to link themselves more toward the company’s goals than to turn around. Mulcahy’s Core values, traits and characteristics: Core values are â€Å"fundamentals beliefs that an individual considers to be important, are relatively stable over time, have an impact on attitudes and behavior’. (The class PowerPoint). Anne Mulcahy has both end values and instrumental values. For example, one of her values is that she is extremely loyal to Xerox that she defined herself as the â€Å"culture† of it and never accepted any blame to her employees. She had faith that by working together with subordinates, she would accomplish her goals, and she did. She is very â€Å"subborn† as the case described that she never paid attention to her outside advisors to consider bankruptcy. In fact, her strong values forced the advisors to finally quit trying to convince her to file for Chapter 11. She believed in team work and encouraged employees to be always focused. She gave her employees confidence by having open dialogues with them and asking them to contribute their ideas and opinions. She had the extraordinary ability to stay focused even in hard time and in times of crises. She cared about the employees and their future and rewarded them by all means that she even â€Å"gave all employees their birthdays off†. Anne’s leadership vision and mission for the organization: Anne’s had the ability to envision the future of Xerox and its people. It is unbelievable how she ignored the many calls by â€Å"advisors’ to consider bankruptcy. She was so focused and could see the future of Xerox again. In the entire case, there was not a single line that indicates weakness or hesitant in her decision. In fact, it is the contrary. â€Å"Do not even go there.’ Whatever you think the advantages are from a financial standpoint, I think they are dismal and demoralizing for a company that wants desperately to turn around and regain its reputation.† This says all about her vision of the company. Her mission was to make sure that she works hard to have Xerox survive for the 95,000 who worked for it. The case says that Anne would sometimes visit three cities in one single day. This daily efforts was her mission to achieve the ultimate goal to get bak to Xerox its reputation again. â€Å"If this place is going to fail, it is not going to be because Anne Mulcahy slept.† This line says it all about her mission and her strategic leadership.

Hydraulic Turbines

M.V. Sai Ram AP17110020010 Branch: ECE Here some of the problems I faced in the research of the hydraulic turbines. Effect of blade numbers on slip factor of hydraulic turbine: The change curve of slip factor is shown when the blade numbers change at the design condition . With the increase in blade numbers, the slip factor within centripetal impeller is gradually increased, and the rate of increase is gradually decreased. Therefore, with the increase in blade numbers, the slip value within centripetal impeller is gradually decreased. The main reason is that function of restriction of blade gradually strengthens for fluid with the increase in blade numbers; it leads to the slip value within centripetal impeller being gradually decreased.Effect of entrance width of centripetal impeller on slip factor of hydraulic turbine. The hydraulic efficiency of a turbine excludes friction losses on the outside of the runner, leakage loss of water that does not pass through the runner blades and mechanical friction losses. The hydraulic efficiency of a well-designed turbine is 98-99%.Can interaction occur between the electric power system and the hydraulic system for this frequency range.Velocity and pressure are highly sensitive to the operation conditions. It has been found that the stresses in the trailing edge of the runner blade near the crown reach a critical state in all operating points.Abstract:A set of empirical has been developed which defines the peak efficiency and shape of the efficiency curve for hydraulic turbines as a function commissioning date for the unit ,rated flow, runner speed, and throat or impulse turbine jet diameter.The aim of this investigation was to develop an environmentally friendly nano-hydraulic turbine utilizing waterfalls. A model of an impulse type hydraulic turbine constructed and tested with an indoor type waterfall to arrive at an optimum installation condition. Effects of an installation parameter, namely distance between the rotor and the waterfall on the power performance were studied. The flow field around the rotor was examined visually to clarify influences of installation conditions on the flow field. The flow visualization showed differences of flow pattern around the rotor by the change of flow rate and rotational speed of the rotor.Every single turbine is custom-designed specifically to meet the requirements of a hydroelectric power plant. Performance of a designed turbine is validated, to some extent, by computational fluid dynamics simulations. Field performance testing of hydraulic turbines is undertaken to define the head-power-discharge relationship that identifies the peak operating point of the turbine. This relationship is essential for the efficient operation of a hydraulic turbine.The art of hydraulic turbine design never stands still but always progresses. In recent years major emphasis has been on the materials of construction and on such features of design as will reduce maintenance work and costly outages in the field.LimitationsHydro power plant or we can say that hydraulic turbines are widely used from the last decades. It is an efficient renewable energy source. There are many up and downs. Hence there Some limitations as shown in below,It is a renewable energy source. Water energy can be used again and again.the running cost of turbine or less compare to other.It has high efficiency.It does not pollute environment.It is to maintain.Importance: Here the importance of hydraulic turbine and their uses Turbines are used for hydropower generation. There are basically two types of hydraulic turbines, the first one is impulse and the second one is reaction type turbines. Impulse turbinesThe use of hydraulic turbines for the generation of power has a very strong historical tradition. The first truly effective inward flow reaction turbine was developed and tested by Francis. Modern Francis turbines have developed into very different forms from the original, but they all retain the concept of radial inward flow(Aradag,2018)Hydraulic turbines are not only used to convert hydraulic energy into electricity but also in pumped storage schemes, which is the most efficient large-scale technology available for the storage of electrical energy. Separate pumps and turbines or reversible machines, so called pump turbines, are used in such schemes.(Gordon,2010)The efficient application of advanced CFD is of great practical importance, as the design of hydraulic turbines is customtailored for each project. a CFD-based design method is used to obtain the runner blade shape and characteristics. The hydraulic turbine used to convert the potential energy of water to mechanical energy. Flowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the flowing water to the turbine.(Guangtai,2015) In Francis turbines, water enters the turbine runner in the radial direction and leaves axially. The main parts of a Francis turbine are spiral case, stationary vanes, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube, as shown in Figure 1. The flowrate and accordingly the produced power are adjusted by the guide vanes. The spiral case regulates the velocity profile entering the turbine, whereas the stationary vanes provide the mechanical strength.3 The most critical part of the turbine, runner, converts the water energy to mechanical energy and rotates the generator(Aradag,2018)A new design of main bearing and carbon seal ring for vertical-shaft Francis turbines provides a bearing immersed in an oil bath covering about one-third of its vertical length. Properly slanted and shaped oil grooves provide for self lubrication, thereby eliminating the troubles usually associated with mechanical lubrication. (Rheingans,1948)Research:The research I have done based on the hydraulic turbines and power plant design. The goals in the development of an optimal water turbine with high efficiency. Can interaction occur between the electric power system and the hydraulic system for this frequency range. Hydraulic turbines of hydroelectric power plants are designed and manufactured according to the head and discharge parameters of a specific plant. Each hydroelectric power plant is different and requires a custom-designed turbine for better performance.Francis-type hydraulic turbines : In Francis turbines, water enters the turbine runner in the radial direction and leaves axially. The main parts of a Francis turbine are spiral case, stationary vanes, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube. The flowrate and accordingly the produced power are adjusted by the guide vanes. The spiral case regulates the velocity profile entering the turbine, whereas the stationary vanes provide the mechanical strength.The most critical part of the turbine, runner, converts the water energy to mechanical energy and rotates the generator. The principal feature of a reaction turbine that distinguishes it from an impulse turbine is that only a part of the total head available at the inlet to the turbine is converted to velocity head, before the runner is reached. Also in the reaction turbines the working fluid, instead of engaging only one or two blades, completely fills the passages in the runner. The pressure or static head of the fluid changes gradually as it passes through the runner along with the change in its kinetic energy based on absolute velocity due to the impulse action between the fluid and the runner. Description Reference List: Brekke,H.(January 08,2010).Performance and Safety of Hydraulic Turbines,12(1),1-11,Beijing, China. Retrieved: 9 March 2018http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/12/1/012061Gordon,J.L.(December 18,2001).Hydraulic Turbine Efficiency,28(2),238-253,CanadianJournal of Civil Engineering. Retrieved: 10 March 2018http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/l00-102#.Wqgl0ehuZPZGuangtai,S.Xiaobing,L.Junhu,Y.Senchun,M.Jicheng,Li.(Juli,2015).heoretical research ofhydraulic turbine performance based on slip factor within centripetal impeller,7(7),1-9.Retrieved: 11 March 2018https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814015593864Ikeda,T.Tatsuno,k(January 03,2010).Performance of Nano-hydraulic turbine utilizingwaterfalls,35(1),168.Retrieved : 10 March 2018https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222577757_Performance_of_nano-hydraulic_turbine_utilizing_waterfallsKavurmaci,B.Celebioglu,K.Aradag,S.Tascioglu,Y.(June 29,2018),50(3),70-73Model Testing of Francis-Type Hydraulic Turbines . Tobb University of Economics andTechnology, Ankara, Turkey. Retrieved: 7 March 2018https://doi.org/10.1177/0020294017702284Manness,J.Doering,j(March 26,2005).An improved model for predicting the efficiency ofhydraulic propeller turbines,32(5),789-795, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. Retrieved:9 March 2018http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/l05-029#.Wqh9suhuZPYhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6444369/authorRudd, F.O. (July 01,1965).Hydraulic Turbine Setting Criteria,87(3),295-298.Technical Engineering Branch Analysis Branch. Retrieved: 5 March 2018http://gasturbinespower.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=1416900