Law and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law and ethics - Essay Example The article discusses the regulations of 49 countries in order to determine how they affect equity issuance. The issue is very relevant as, according to Mahoney, there is a â€Å"promoter’s problem† occurs, when the sellers can’t provide guarantees that the equities they sell are reliable (Mahoney, 1995). Thus, the paper analyses the laws regulating the stock market propositions in each state and researches the connection between these rules and the ways stock markets use to increase profits. â€Å"We analyze the specific provisions in securities laws governing initial public offerings in each country, examine the relationship between these provisions and various measures of stock market development, and interpret the evidence in light of the available theories of securities laws† (LaPorta et al, 2004). Also the article provides the results interpretations made in accordance with corresponding theories of security regulation (LaPorta et al, 2004). First, t he authors represent three assumptions as for the influence the regulation may have on the stock market. The conclusions were strongly supported by hypotheses. The authors define three hypotheses: the first states that market regulation is not needed. This hypothesis is supported by Coase (1960) and Stigle (1964). These experts pay attention to the fact of information disclosure that is provoked by security regulation â€Å"Issuers of securities have an incentive to disclose all available information to obtain higher prices simply because failure to disclose would cause investors to assume the worst† (LaPorta et al, 2004). At the same time the next two hypotheses state that market needs regulation as the investors should be protected from cheating. Stock investments usually prescribes high expenses and if the investors are cheated, loses they bear are too serious. Thus, the government should issue special security laws in order to regulate the climate in the stock markets. â €Å"Both reputations and contract and tort law are insufficient to keep promoters from cheating investors because the payoff from cheating is too high and because private tort and contract litigation is too expensive and unpredictable to serve as a deterrent. To reduce the enforcement costs and opportunistic behavior, the government can introduce a securities law that specifies the contracting framework. The two alternative hypotheses differ in what kind of government intervention would be optimal within such a framework† (LaPorta et al, 2004). Therefore, the most important conclusion made by the authors of the article is that stock markets really can’t do without regulation as it makes much for their prosperity. Secondly, the results show that security regulation means much as it help conclude contracts instead of preventing people from concluding them. Precisely, it was revealed that many aspects of public administration do not play the important role. On the contrar y the regulation usually helps investors recuperate the expenses predominantly in the large markets. Thus, the conclusion was made that the larger the market is, the more thorough monitoring it demands (Barth, Caprio, and Levine, 2003). The authors also emphasize the importance of monitoring the disagreements that occur between the stockholders and investors. It is really essential for the market development. Special attention should be paid also to the change in regulation that would promote economic development and eliminate the gap between the states

Constraction contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constraction contract law - Essay Example The conflicting parties must compromise their situations so as to reach an agreement. In this study, we are going to examine the various forms of dispute resolutions and therefore, establish the most efficient and yet economical way of solving disputes. Arbitration is a form of solving disputes which involves the resolution in outside the courts. The parties agree to refer their dispute to another person or other persons (arbitrator or arbitral tribunal). They thus agree to be bound on the decision of the arbitrator. The arbitrator must be someone the conflicting parties trust and have confidence in. also, it is imperative to note that arbitration can be either voluntary or mandatory. Mandatory arbitration can come from statutes and contracts voluntarily entered, without specifically, knowing that any dispute will occur. Arbitration involves either hiring an arbitrator or a voluntary one coming forward. Just like in the courts there are fees charged on arbitration. In addition, Arbitration might not solve the differences because a third party is the one who imposes the verdict on the conflicting parties (Andrea Schneider & Christopher Honeyman, eds., 2006). Therefore, one can feel dissatisfied even after arbitration because either the arbitrator did not understand the situation or just made a wrong verdict. Mediation on the other hand, is a form of dispute resolution where the conflicting parties finds a third party, a mediator, who assists the parties to negotiate. The process of mediation is generally private and the presence of a mediator is the distinguishing factor in this process. the mediator must always be impartial. An example of where mediation bore fruit was in the Republic of Kenya in 2007 when two conflicting presidential aspirants who both claimed that they had won the elections mediated. The mediator was Koffi Annan and the mediation led to the formation of a coalition Government. However, mediation may not be the most

Federal Funding For Emergency Management Solutions Essay - 1

Federal Funding For Emergency Management Solutions - Essay Example During the fiscal year 2008, most of the federal funding for emergency management was focused on the research purposes(Moore, 2008). This was because of many of the hazard areas needed to be tackled with equal measure. For example, after the revision of the presidential budget from operating plan FY 2007, most of their funding changed positively towards the research activities as compared to the first-responder preparedness(Moore, 2008). The U.S government was under war with terrorism and most of the funding was spent on this activity(Bullock, Jane, George, and Damon, 2012). However, little research was being done on other areas that would affect the American citizens in equal measure. For instance, not much was done to combat the never-ending effects of natural disasters. The change in weather, Katrina, and drought really had a greater toll on people as compared to the government’s activities in Afghanistan and Iraq(Bullock, Jane, George, and Damon, 2012). Such disasters prov ed to be more dangerous by killing many citizens and destroying properties of great monetary value(Meade, Charles, and Megan, 2003). If not undertaken or solved in appropriate manner will have a huge negative impact to the economy of the country. Therefore, the American public would be served well by transferring funding from the first-responder preparedness to research and  development.

Learning English on internet compared with leaning English in class Essay

Learning English on internet compared with leaning English in class - Essay Example Several researches have also been conducted to find out the efficacy of internet in helping these students learn. It is found that internet is a way through which the students begin to enjoy learning as a process as they get to choose the exercise that they want to practice. Internet provides the students with a platform where they can engage in activities and use their web page accordingly so that they can be able to deliver accordingly. The research points out that even the students who were unwilling to study in the class, were able to concentrate when given the platform of internet. Moreover this not only helped the students get engaged with the activities but it also improved their pronunciation and kept them motivated. In other words internet is providing a platform through which students can be motivated and in such a manner these students can be able to learn better (Pawlak, Bielak & Wiertelak 2014). A survey by the teachers also shows that the students prefer having online c ourse material when it comes to learning English (Ting 2007). Another advantage of internet learning can be seen in terms of the different types of software that have been developed. This software allows the student to understand English with the help of translation into their home language which they are more comfortable with. This can clearly help the English Second Language learners when compared to the ones who are trying to grasp the language in the classroom (Wilkinson & Shatz 2010). On the other hand the problems with internet can also not be undermined. Internet provides a lot of data to the learners and the students are at will to choose as to which exercise would they like to complete. This brings a problem to the teachers as many students prefer to choose exercises that they are comfortable with. Moreover it also becomes necessary for the teachers to keep a check on the students as

Apple Strategic Managment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apple Strategic Managment - Case Study Example With declining stock values, Apple has planned to introduce a lower-priced iPhone that will effectively compete in the smartphone market and rejuvenate the once giant of the iPhone industry (Apple Inc). This paper aims at evaluating the business and market aspects of the lower cost iPhone with respect to the target price, the target manufacturing cost, and the estimated gross profit.Since Apple used over USD 150 million in designing and manufacturing the iPhone 5, the lower cost iPhone will not incorporate most of the smartphone apps that the iPhone 5 uses. For example, the lower cost phone will run on a simple Android system with internet settings operating under the EDGE network. These will significantly reduce the initial manufacturing cost to just about USD 40 million with the first batch producing over 300,000 units of the iPhone. This will mean that the manufacturing cost of each unit of the lower cost iPhone will be USD 217, which means that every unit of the lower cost iPhone sold will fetch in a gross of USD 133 (United States Securities and Exchange Commission).Estimated gross profitFrom the figures above, it is clear that Apple will target an annual sale of USD 105 billion. Since gross profit is obtained by subtracting the cost of sales from the net sales, the estimated gross profit for the lower cost iPhone will be USD 65 billion. This strategic iPhone will definitely revive the declining profit margin in Apple’s iPhone market as well as stabilize its stock market (Apple Inc).

Positivism as an Epistemological System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Positivism as an Epistemological System - Essay Example Thus, there can be no room for any mystical abstractions in explaining phenomena. In the second wave of positivist thought, a second form of positivism, i.e. logical positivism took place, and â€Å"took advantage of the further progress made in the hard sciences to insist on purging all metaphysics from the scientific method† (Jordan, 2004, p.28). â€Å"Logical positivist views about science and knowledge were based on a general theory of language. †¦This theory of language featured two main ideas, the analytic-synthetic distinction and the verifiability theory of meaning† (Godfrey-Smith, 2003, p.25). I will discuss these ideas in detail in the next section. The third wave of positivism is generally attributed to a group called the Vienna Circle. â€Å"The Vienna Circle was established by Moritz Schlick and Otto Neurath. †¦But from the early days through the end, a central intellectual figure here was Rudolf Carnap† (Godfrey-Smith, 2003, p.22). In this stage, positivism was carried in its logical form. However, some positivists prefer to regard this latter period as logical or scientific empiricism (Greetham, 2006, p.121), to distinguish it from the previous logical positivist movement. In this essay, I shall use the term logical positivism to refer to the whole of 20th century positivism, to distinguish it from Comte’s 19th century positivism. Positivism as Epistemology From a general perspective, positivism is considered to be an epistemological system through its advocacy of attaining empirical knowledge through sense perception, and its adherence to the scientific method i.e. induction. However when logical positivism stepped into the picture, it was made clear that â€Å"logical positivism had other roots... The first part of the paper consists of an historical analysis of 19th century positivism, logical positivism, up until the period of the Vienna Circle. The second part covers the epistemological implications of positivism. Here,the main tenets of logical positivism and its adherence to epistemology are discussed. A main figure that it will be discussed here is Karl Popper. Finally, this paper is concluded by discussing the fall of positivism. The paper stresses that progress and development in knowledge is an endless endeavor. Since the birth of positivism up until its downfall, positivism nevertheless shaped the manner by which we do science. The authod talks that one is the breakdown of the view of language that formed the basis of many logical positivist and logical empiricist ideas. Another is pressure from holistic arguments. A third is the frustrating history of attempts to develop an inductive logic. A fourth is the development of a new role for fields like history and psychology in the philosophy of science. The report makes a conclusion that positivism succeeded in developing a systematic method of approaching reality. And scientific knowledge was the very basis for reconstructing reality, with scientific laws as central in research. If epistemology is the study of knowledge, then positivism is a valid epistemological system. For if there is one thing that positivism established, it is no other than a coherent reconstruction of human knowledge based on the methods and principles of science itself. It is in this regard that positivism, despite its fall, proved to be influential throughout history.

Developing a Philosophy of Education Essay Example for Free

Developing a Philosophy of Education Essay I believe the purposes of education are to instill knowledge, instill forms of proper behavior, instill values and principles in the minds of children, and include the development of skills, physical, mental and social. Formal education begins with primary and then secondary education and higher education. It is when we grow up we begin to achieve the purpose of education and understanding of its application in daily life. It is believed that education is to be responsible for the cultivation of a civilized society. Providing education for citizens manages to develop a responsible and thoughtful community. Education helps in imbibing moral and ethical values in individuals and education, in turn, helps in creating a healthy society, which holds a deep understanding of the principles and philosophy of life. The purpose of getting an education is to achieve progress in the areas of operation to enable every member of the community of learners to earn a living. Also, one of the beliefs about the purpose of education is that education aims to create a good teacher. I believe that students learn best when they are taught under certain conditions and in certain ways. Some of these include the student’s support and encouragement, give them self-confidence, and give them the opportunity to participate and discuss in the classroom. Also, teachers encourage them to be themselves and use their creativity. Gentle treatment and respectful treatment of students gives students a sense of comfort and the ability to be tender. The curriculum of any classroom should include certain â€Å"basics† that contribute to students’ intellectual, emotional, social, and physical development. These basics are activities that help them to read and write. As well as activities that help to open mental thinking such as mathematics. By doing so you will teach the student the skills needed. Students learn best in an environment that promotes learning. Some of the characteristics of a good learning environment are to be a sponsor of the learner environment and be keen to learning and development. A learning environment is comfortable and equipped with the necessary settings that help the student focus and pay attention in the classroom. Lighting, air conditioning and classroom size appropriate for the number of students that help the students focus. Should all be taken into account. A teacher should have certain qualities and behave in certain ways. Qualities I think are important for teaching are respect between the student and the teacher, which helps in the creation of the student values. The teacher must be patient and bear the mistakes of their students and help them to live. Be friendly in dealing so that students feel comfortable toward the teacher. That makes flexibility in communication between student and teacher. Creative teachers are able to motivate students by using creative and inspirational methods of teaching.